Tag Archives: Natural History

The armadillo from the Maulny collection at the Musée vert

N° MHNLM 2003,28,200

by Nathalie Richard and Nicolas Morel

From its scientific name Tolypeutes matacus, the three-banded armadillo lives in central South America. Generally, this small mammal lives alone in dry habitats. Its carapace formed of plates protects it from predators. Unlike other armadillos, tolypeutes have the ability to curl up entirely on themselves in the presence of danger. This nocturnal animal is an insectivore but its diet can vary according to the seasons. Its excellent sense of smell and its sharp claws allow it to collect its food. Unfortunately, this species is considered threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature because of the destruction of its habitat and hunting. Its reproduction is also slow with only one young per litter.

This dried specimen is native to Brazil. On its carapace, the inscription “Armadillo” is visible. It comes from the curiosity cabinet of Louis Maulny (1758–1815), a collector and naturalist from Le Mans who probably bought it in a natural history shop.

The collections of naturalias kept in the Musée Vert are the result of more than 200 years of acquisitions since the opening of the first museum in Le Mans in 1799. With more than 450,000 objects, they correspond to a wide variety of objects related to nature and the environment: naturalized animals, insects, shells, herbaria, fossils, minerals, rocks… Unique specimens from 18th-century natural history cabinets, including two other armadillos, are among its most valuable collections. This armadillo is just one example of specimens that travelled to European collections and then passed from one collection to another. Another specimen with a similar history, a nine-banded armadillo, is kept in the Museum of Natural Sciences in Barcelona and was part of the Salvador Cabinet.

Un tren de gliptodontes, Museo de La Plata, Argentina

Por Irina Podgorny, CONICET/Archivo Histórico del Museo de La Plata, Argentina

[Leer en inglés]

En la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y mucho antes de la manía por los dinosaurios, todo museo que se preciara debía contar con, al menos, una coraza de gliptodonte, un animal extraño, acorazado y de dimensiones gigantescas que, desde 1839 formaba parte del catálogo de los gigantescos mamíferos fósiles procedentes de la América del Sur.

Los primeros en viajar llegaron en la década de 1840 a las colecciones del Royal College of Surgeons de Londres y, a partir de allí, no hubo museo del hemisferio norte o del sur que no deseara o comisionara el envío de semejante portento. En Londres, Richard Owen los llamó Glyptodon, un nombre genérico que remarcaba la forma esculpida de sus dientes, la pieza en la que basó su existencia.

El esqueleto y, sobre todo, su cubierta, no eran fácil de transportar: aunque la coraza apareciera con todas  o casi todas sus piezas, una vez extraída de la tierra, la coraza se partía en cientos de pedazos. Se pagaban caro y los proveedores de especímenes debieron ingeniársela, inventar maneras para que lo que se desarmaba en las pampas se volviera a unir del otro lado del mar o donde fuera que se instalara. Una de las soluciones consistió en concebir el caparazón como una suerte de mosaico pompeyano: numerado en el papel y en cada una de sus piezas, se lo enviaba desarmado para que las placas (tesserae), una vez en el gabinete y con una gran inversión de  tiempo y trabajo, se pudieran recomponer en su forma ideal. Los gliptodontes que hoy vemos son el resultado de la anatomía comparada y de ese trabajo artesanal que combina las prácticas de la carpintería, la herrería y la albañilería.

Sin embargo, una vez montados, pegados con cola y sostenidos por estructura de metal o de madera, la fragilidad del montaje no desaparecía: gracias a la misma, el director del Museo Público de la ciudad de Buenos Aires (entonces capital de provincia y no de la nación), en 1883 apeló a esa característica para argumentar la imposibilidad de mudar las colecciones a otro edificio, a otra ciudad. Los gliptodontes, una vez armados, se hacían sedentarios y servían para negociar espacios, cargos y presupuestos.

A fines del siglo XIX el Museo de La Plata, museo general de la nueva capital de la provincia de Buenos Aires establecida en 1882, a falta de uno, instalaba un tren, una verdadera manifestación de la variedad de los esqueletos acorazados que la provincia podía ofrecer al mundo. Con ello no solo demostraba la riqueza de las pampas: le enrostraba al pequeño y algo vetusto museo de la capital de la Nación- ahora Museo Nacional, las dimensiones que la exhibición de la naturaleza podía adquirir en las nuevas instituciones de la provincia.

Mientras tanto, el gliptodonte llevaba medio siglo de vida como espécimen de museo y poblaba, entero o en pedazos, las salas, las colecciones y los depósitos de los museos de varias decenas de ciudades de todo el mundo. Esta foto y estas palabras son una invitación a revisar las vitrinas más cercanas para constatar su presencia y trazar los caminos del gliptodonte en los museos del mundo.

Para seguir leyendo:

Irina Podgorny, Fossil dealers, the practices of comparative anatomy and British diplomacy in Latin America, 1820–1840

Irina Podgorny, Mercaderes del Pasado: Teodoro Vilardebó, Pedro de Angelis y el comercio de huesos y documentos en el Río de la Plata, 1830–1850

A train of glyptodonts, La Plata Museum, Argentina

By Irina Podgorny, CONICET/Archivo Histórico del Museo de La Plata, Argentina

[Read in Spanish]

In the second half of the 19th century and long before the dinosaur craze, every self-respecting museum had to have at least one glyptodon carapace, a mighty, armoured animal of gigantic dimensions that since 1839 was part of the catalogue of strange and gigantic fossil mammals coming from South America.

The first one arrived in the collections of the Royal College of Surgeons in London in the 1840s, and from then on there was no museum in the northern or southern hemisphere that did not wish and commission such a wonder. In London, Richard Owen called them Glyptodont, a generic name that emphasized the sculpted shape of their teeth, the element on which he based their existence.

The skeleton, and above all its shell, were not easy to transport: even if the carapace appeared with all or almost all its pieces, once extracted from the ground, it could break into hundreds of fragments. They were expensive, and the dealers of natural history specimens had to find a way to make what was disassembled in the pampas come together again on the other side of the ocean, or wherever it was installed. One of the solutions consisted in conceiving the carapace as a sort of Pompeian mosaic: numbered on paper and in each of its pieces, it was sent disassembled so that the plates (tesserae), once in the cabinet and with a great investment of time and work, could be recomposed in their ideal form. The glyptodonts we see today are the result of comparative anatomy and of the craftsmanship that combines the practices of carpentry, blacksmithing, and masonry.

However, once assembled, glued, and supported by a metal or wooden structure, the fragility of the assembly did not disappear. Thanks to this, in 1883, the director of the Public Museum of the city of Buenos Aires (then the capital of the province and not of the nation) invoked this fact to argue the impossibility of moving the collections to another building or another city. The glyptodonts, once armed, became sedentary and served to negotiate spaces, positions, and budgets.

At the end of the 19th century, the Museo de La Plata, the main museum of the new capital of the province of Buenos Aires established in 1882, for the lack of one installed a train, a true manifestation of the variety of armoured skeletons that the province could offer to the world. By doing so, it not only demonstrated the richness of the pampas: it showed the small and somewhat old-fashioned museum in the capital of the nation – now Museo Nacional – the dimensions that the exhibition of nature could acquire in the new institutions of the province.

Meanwhile, the glyptodont had been living for half a century as a museum specimen and populated, whole or in pieces, the halls, collections, and deposits of museums in dozens of cities around the world. This photo and these words are an invitation to review the nearest showcases to verify its presence and trace the paths of the glyptodont in world museums.

To read more:

Irina Podgorny, Fossil dealers, the practices of comparative anatomy and British diplomacy in Latin America, 1820–1840

Irina Podgorny, Mercaderes del Pasado: Teodoro Vilardebó, Pedro de Angelis y el comercio de huesos y documentos en el Río de la Plata, 1830–1850